Advancement Medical Healthcare Organization-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Advancement Medical Healthcare Organization? Answer: Introduction: With the recent advancement of medical field and healthcare organization, they are able to successfully handle patients with a large number of chronic diseases altogether. The mean age of expectancy for individuals has increased. Healthcare professionals have become competent enough to handle many such cases with high expertise and their contribution has helped in increase in number of population of old age cohort. Maintaining such complex patients with huge number of chronic morbidities have brought happiness in families and helped them to live longer (Brownie, Scott Rossiter, 2016). The following report will mainly look over the interrelationship of complexity, chronicity and co-morbidity in healthcare. It will also help to untie a case study sequentially giving insights about how nursing professionals can use their critical thinking power to handle such cases effectively. Interrelationship of complexity, chronicity and co-morbidity in healthcare: A recent trend has been captured by researchers over time which has a magnanimous effect on the resources of not only healthcare centers but also on the lives of patients as well as their family members. Mostly in the high income countries, it is found that the population mortality curve has become somewhat rectangular suffering that the mean age death of the individuals has progressively extended towards much older age in comparison to previous years (Grembowski et al., 2014). However, the increase in longevity is has not been associated with reduction in morbidity of the patients. As more number of individuals is living for a much larger period of time than their predecessors, therefore they are being affected by more disorders. This trend is seen being associated with a growth in individuals living in with multiple concurrent chronic conditions called multi-morbidities or co-morbidities (Katjol et al., 2016). Most primary as well as secondary healthcare centers are facing increasi ng number of old aged patients with a number of chronic morbidities. This gives an overall concept of the complexity of the patients condition due to the presence of large number of chronic ailments in the form of co morbid symptoms. The most important factor that is supporting the patients to live longer lives are the growth of clinical practice guidelines under the influence of evidence based medicines and concerns for knowledge translation. They have helped many old patients to survive for long even in complex conditions with their chronic co morbid diseases but this had created a huge pressure on the resources of the healthcare centers as well as the family members increasing heir burden and poor quality lives. It is advised by researchers that healthcare industry should develop requisite management tools and care approaches which would help in providing appropriate care for all complex patients (Aquitrre et al., 2017). Therefore it can be seen that complexity, chronicity and co morbidity are interlinked and the concept should be clear to all healthcare professionals so that they can rightly handle the upcoming challenges in healthcares. Pathophysiology of COPD and its association with cigarette smoking both in active and passive mode: COPD is characterized by three important occurrences which affect the health of the patient. They are airway inflammation, mucocilliary dysfunction as well as consequent airway structural changes. The first occurrence which is the airway inflammation is mainly caused by the chronic inflammation of airways, pulmonary blood vessels as well as lung tissues mainly as the results of the exposure of the airway to different inhaled irritant such as tobacco smoke. The inhaled irritants cause inflammatory cells like that of the neutrophils, CD8+T-lymphocytes, B cells and macrophages to come together and accumulate. These cells eventually become activated that helps in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade. This in turn results in the release of various types of inflammatory mediators like as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interferongamma (IFN-), matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP-6, MMP-9), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and fibrinogen (Celi, 2014). They cause sustenance of the inflammatory process which ultimately leads to the damage of various tissues as well as range of different systematic effects. The chronic inflammation also causes outset of the diseases and leads to different types of structural changes in the lungs which causes perpetuation of the airflow limitation. The second factor is the structural changes. Due to airway remodeling, inflammatory response remains associated with COPD that leads to narrowing of the airways. Three factors which contribute to this is the peribronchial fibrosis, building up of the scar tissue that result from the damage to the airways and also occurrence of over multiplication of the epithelial cells which line the airways. Symptoms of emphysema may also take place when there is parenchymal dysfunction. This is associated with the loss of lung tissue elasticity which results due to destruction of the structures that support and fed the alveoli (Adnot, 2014). The small airways collapse during exha lation resulting in impeding airflow, trapping air in the lungs and reducing the lung capacity. The third factor is the mucociliary dysfunction. Smoking and inflammation result in the enlargement of the mucous glands that line the walls of the airway. This causes the goblet cells metaplasia which in turn causes the healthy cells of the lungs to be replaced by mucus secreting cells. The mucocilairy system which is responsible for clearing mucus form the airways also gets damaged dye to the inflammations. Therefore excess mucus is formed in the airways that eventually accumulate that blocks the airways and worsen the airflow (Milne King, 2014). The above mentioned pathophysiology can be linked with the patients condition. She was herself a smoker which had already affected the condition of the lungs. Though she had quitted the smoking habit, she is still projected to danger as her husband is a smoker and she is vulnerable to passive smoking. The tiny particles of the smoke enter into her lungs each time she inhales the smoke, the bronchial tubes get swollen and inflamed. Lining of the airways produces larger amount of mucus which traps the irritants. The combined effect of these makes the airways thickened in the patient as well as narrowed because of swelling and mucus. This cause reduction in the amount of airflow and increased mucus results in persistent cough. In these ways, she has become a COPD patient. Pathophysiology of the osteoarthritis and rationale behind the patients present condition: Osteoarthritis mainly takes place due to the malfunction of the chondrocyte. Due to this reason the structure of the cartilage changes. The production of the large protein which usually helps in the retainment of water within the cartilage gets reduced. As a result of these, the cartilage gradually becomes dehydrated overtime and therefore becomes more brittle (Arden et al., 2014). Therefore when a load is applied on them, the structure is more likely to fail and as a result of which cracks begin to occur. This cracking in the cartilage is termed as fissuring. In course of time as more cracks begin to develop, piece of cartilage begins to flake away and no new cartilage is produced in the gaps (Mobasheri Batt, 2016). In course of time, no cartilage remains left that would cover the bone. Hence, any movement of the joints requires the bone to move directly against the bones. Therefore it causes successive pain the individuals (Olivotto et al., 2015). The patient of the case study had a strenuous livelihood of a cleaner and mechanical tear and wear over the years had resulted in her to develop symptoms of arthritis. Symptoms that the nurse should take in consideration before designing her care plan: The patient who has come for consultation to the clinic has disorders like COPD and arthritis like symptoms. With the gradual advancement of age, she is noticing gradual loss of mobility and increased issues with her breathing even when she is conducting minor works and walking small distances. This is disrupting her caring for her grandchildren. The nurse found that her body weight has increased from 64 Kg to that of 72 Kg in the last 3 months. She is also having pain and discomfort arising from her spine. Hence the patient is having a set of complex symptoms which the nurse to critically analyze properly so that she can develop an intervention plan which will help he patient to handle all her symptoms effectively and help her enjoy a better quality life. Interaction between hypertension, COPD and arthritis: As the patient is suffering from COPD, the amount of oxygen that is going to the blood gets reduced. This results in the production of high blood pressure in the blood vessels form the heart to that to the lungs. This makes it even more difficult for the heart as it cannot pump much needed blood to the rest of the body. Moreover this disorder of the lungs also cause body to produce more red blood cells thereby making the blood thicker and it becomes difficult for the heart to pump (Kirby Coxson, 2015). Therefore a person having both COPD and hypertension has to breathe faster in order to take in more oxygen. When a person suffers from such a situation, the doctor usually prescribed a proper lifestyle and correct medications which help to keep any harmful effects in heck and the patient can thereby lead proper quality life (Petersen et al., 2014). Another link up that may be found is that between osteoarthritis as well as high blood pressure. This has been stated by many researchers that a person suffering form osteoarthritis often suffer form joint pain as well a stress which in turn results in the rise of the blood pressure. Anxiety that a person usually develops due to lack of independence and fears about debility may also result the pressure to rise. Often worries about finances of management, rehabilitation and becoming incapacitated result in contribution to blood pressure elevation. Use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory medications also result in the development of high blood pressure in osteoarthritis patients but this cannot be the case as she uses only paracetamol to cure from the pain. The nurse should also be sure not to provide any NSAIDS as they may increase the blood pressure of the patient (Crofford et al., 2013). The patient is also seen to develop have gained weight and this would have a very harmful impact on the health of the patients. A greater body weight will put in more pressure and load on the bones which will affect the patients and her mobility will decrease over time due to the excessive pain that occur due to heavy weight on such bones. Medications provided to the patient and rationale behind it: Symbicort which is prescribed to the patient due to his COPD is formed form the combination of the budesonide as well as formoterol. The former one is the steroids which helps in the reduction o the inflammation that occurs in any part do the body and formoterol is a bronchodilator which helps in the relaxation of the muscles in the airways that helps in improvement in breathing. Therefore this medication is a right type of drug prescribed to the patient (Bagherisadhegi, Lahrnib Chrystyn. 2015). Spiriva contains tiotropium which is very much helpful to prevent symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath and others which patients with COPD often face. This medication mainly works by relaxing the muscles around the airways s that they can easily open up and the patient can breathe more easily. Salbutamol is the medication which is often used as inhalers by patients. They work by acting on the receptors present in the beta 2 receptors. This medication actually helps in the stimulation of the receptors which in turn causes the muscles in the airways to relax. This allows the airways to open and help the patient in easy breathing (Ballantine, 2017). Paracetamol is prescribed to the patients for mild to moderate pain in muscular spasms as well. For inflammatory arthritis often nurses prescribe the use of paracetamol with non steroidal anti inflammatory drug. However, the nurse should be very careful as this is a complex case and the patient already has hypertension. It is suggested by the researchers that NSAIDS often increase the blood pressure and therefore if do happens in the patients, she might face threats to her life. Hence she would be very careful in providing medication to the patient for arthritis. Perindropil is along acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is prescribed by doctors to treat high blood pressure, heart failure as well as stable coronary artery diseases in form of perindopril arginine. In case of this patient, it would be helpful in controlling his high blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessel and helping in easy and smooth passage of blood (Sirenko et al., 2016). Nurses intervention: Besides this medication, the nurse should also introduce proper lifestyle management plans for her along with proper diet system is that she can effectively mange her weight. As she is osteo-arthritis, she would be given some freehand exercises and would also be asked to consult with physiotherapist for best effects. Proper medication should be followed in order to tackle the symptoms of COPD and arthritis and hypertension. The management of such complete situation of the patient will result in outflow of finances which would provide a hard time on her family. As her daughters would be working, the entire care giving responsibility would be on her husband who is also aged and might get stressed when providing care to such complex patients. Therefore, a strenuous situation may arise but proper planning with the members of the family and correct healthcare education will benefit the patient and also all the members successfully. Conclusion: The nurses of this age are educated with the most modern form of nursing that uses evidence based studies as their mode of development of skills. These had helped them to understand the interrelationship of the different chronic illness faced by the patients. They try to find the link by properly understanding their pathophysiology and then link them with the patients condition. They then try to provide medication and interventions which will help patients to overcome their symptoms. At the same time, they also need to be careful that the medication do not cause drug drug interaction which affects the patients negatively. Hence, student nurses should develop themselves according to this trend so that they can practice their profession with skill and knowledge. References: Adnot, S. 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